Most engine subsystems can be implemented using different technologies that can improve the performance of the engine. Here is a look at all the different subsystems used in modern engines that began with the valve train. This consists of the valves and a mechanism that will open and close them which is called a camshaft. The camshaft has lobes on it that moves the valves up and down. Most modern engines have what is called overhead cams which means the camshaft is located above the valves. The cams on the shaft activate the valves either through a noticeably short linkage or directly. older engines used a camshaft located in the sump near the crankshaft. Rods were also linked the cam below to lift valve filters above valves. This however has more moving parts and causes a kind of lag between the cam’s activation of the valve and the valves movement. A timing belt or timing chain links the camshaft to the crankshaft, so the valves and pistons are in sync. The camshaft is normally geared to turn at half the speed as the crankshaft. Some engines have dual overhead cams which requires two camshafts per cylinder which also has four valves per cylinder. The ignition system produces a high voltage electric charge and transmits it to the spark plugs via the ignition wires. The charge travels first to the distributor which can be seen under the hood of most cars. The distributor has a wire going in the centre and four, six or eight each spark plug. These wires send the ignition charge to each spark plug. The engine is timed so each cylinder receives a spark from the distributor at a time which requires maximum smoothness.
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